Malaria symptoms ,causes and prevention

Prevention and cures of Malaria

Malaria is a life-threatening blood disease caused by parasites and is transmitted to humans by the Anopheles mosquito. Once bitten, parasites multiply in the host's liver before infecting and destroying red blood cells.

Malaria is a devastating parasitic disease transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Endemic to tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, North and South America, the Middle East, North Africa, and the South Pacific, Plasmodium vivax is the most common of four human malaria species.

Causes of Malaria

Malaria is caused by the bites from the female Anopheles mosquito, which then infects the body with the parasite Plasmodium. This is the only mosquito that can cause malaria.
The successful development of the parasite within the mosquito depends on several factors, the most important being humidity and ambient temperatures.
When an infected mosquito bites a human host, the parasite enters the bloodstream and lays dormant within the liver. For the next 5-16 days, the host will show no symptoms but the malaria parasite will begin multiplying asexually.
The new malaria parasites are then released back into the bloodstream when they infect red blood cells and again begin to multiply. Some malaria parasites, however, remain in the liver and are not released until later, resulting in recurrence.
An unaffected mosquito becomes infected once it feeds on an infected individual, thus beginning the cycle again.
The video below from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute visualizes how a single bite from an infected mosquito can quickly turn into the life-threatening disease.

Symptoms of Malaria

Symptoms of P. vivax malaria are similar to those of other types of malaria and include cyclical fever and chills, headache, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea. The most common complication is enlargement of the spleen. P.vivax malaria is rarely fatal, but relapses often occur months to years after treatment because some of the parasites can become dormant in the liver. Special medication can be taken to kill the dormant parasites.
Symptoms of malaria
According to the CDC, malaria symptoms can be classified in two categories, uncomplicated and severe malaria.
Uncomplicated malaria is diagnosed when symptoms are present, but there are no clinical or laboratory signs to indicate the severity or vital organ dysfunction. Individuals suffering from this form, can eventually develop severe malaria if the disease is left untreated, or if they suffer from poor to no immunity against the disease.
Severe malaria is defined by clinical or laboratory evidence of vital organ dysfunction. This form has the capacity to be fatal if left untreated. A general overview of the symptoms are:
Fever and chills
Impaired consciousness
Prostration
Multiple convulsions
Deep breathing and respiratory distress
Abnormal bleeding, such as anemia
Clinical jaundice and evidence of vital organ dysfunction.

Life cycle of Malaria

Life cycle:4 Like P. falciparum, P. vivax is introduced into the bloodstream by the Anopheles mosquito. The parasites enter the liver cells, where most divide to form schizonts consisting of numerous merozoites. Leaving the liver, merozoites invade red blood cells and reproduce. After 48 hours or so, enough merozoites are produced to burst the red blood cells, resulting in fever and chills characteristic of malaria. Some merozoites then develop into male or female forms, which if taken up by a mosquito, can start the cycle over again.

Treatment of malaria

Treatment: P. vivax malaria has classically been treated with chloroquine and primaquine. Primaquine acts against the liver stage, decreasing the risk of relapse. The parasite is becoming resistant to chloroquine and primaquine, so alternate drugs are being used and explored.

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